These might have been gained from breaches they conducted themselves, from collections bought online, or just downloaded from one or more sets of publicly available repositories. In this stage, the criminals gather credentials. Here’s a summary of my own version of the five stages. Michael Isbitski with Salt Security presents a great overview of credential stuffing including its stages. The danger is not just accessing someone’s account it’s being able to access other valuable personal accounts that use the same credentials. Attackers also know that many people reuse their passwords. Using rainbow or hash tables, criminals can determine the hash of the password. Password reuse makes credential stuffing different from brute force – the criminal has a set of already-breached credentials and doesn’t have to guess at the password.
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The problem is when the same password is associated with more than one account. Why should we pay attention to these and other breaches, especially when the passwords are hashed? Can’t one just reset the password and be done with it? Resetting passwords is not the issue. While it’s impossible to tell exactly where they all came from, some of the larger known data sets in these enormous files came from the Dropbox (2016), LinkedIn (2012), Yahoo! (2013/2014), and Adobe (2013) breaches. Even after repeat entries were whittled down, the collection still contained billions of distinct address and password combinations. These collections weren’t breaches but compilations of emails and passwords that had been gathered. 932 GB of data containing billions of email addresses and their passwords, made their way around the Internet. In 2019, these Collections, composed of ca. Many of us are fond of collecting things, but not everyone is excited about Collections #1-5.